Dominick K. Piegaro Essay Example For Students

Dominick K. Piegaro Essay emailprotectedPermanent Address15 Cedar StreetMidland Park, NJ 07432(201) 444-0288OBJECTIVE A situation as an operator for the Federal Bureau ofInvestigations. EDUCATIONRutgers University, New Brunswick/Piscataway, NJCriminal Justice Degree, May2007Cumulative G.P.A. 3.3 Major G.P.A. 3.4RELEVANTCOURSEWORK Criminal Justice, CriminologyEXPERIENCE Service Technician March 2000-Present (seasonal)Blue Sparkle Pools, Hawthorne, NJ-Service, fix, and introduce pools-Plumbing and electrical parts of warmers, siphons, andpool gear Service calls: go to clients houses to appropriately fixtheir problemsStock and Delivery February 2003-June 2003Wine and Spirit World, Ho-ho-kus, NJ-Assisted clients in finding what they required Made sure selves and presentations were appropriately supplied Delivered merchandise to customersCustodian February 2002 June 2002Parisis Health Club, Midland Park, NJ-Kept all hardware tidy up and rooms clean-Attended to any necessities of the staff or membersSKILLS-Learned to work with individuals Learned through experience how to manage clients andproperly manage circumstances close by Athlete: comprehends the stuff to land the p osition done;discipline, incredible preparing and readiness skills,dedication to the undertaking at handACTIVITIES Football 1994-Present-Pop Warner-High School-College

Challenges Faced By Entrepreneurs free essay sample

Essentially a business person can be viewed as an individual who has the activity, ability and inspiration to set up a business or his very own endeavor and who consistently searches for high accomplishment. He is an impetus of social change and works for the benefit of everyone. He searches for circumstances, distinguishes them and holds onto them essentially for monetary increases. A business person is an individual who can communicate and execute the urge, expertise; inspiration and inventive capacity to build up a business or industry of his own either alone or as a team with his friends.His thought process is to win benefit through the creation or dissemination of socially useful products or administrations. He is enhanced with the inalienable characteristics of adventurism, eagerness to confront dangers, imaginative desire and inventiveness and is anxious to make dynamic hangs in the creation procedure, acquaint developments and with discover new uses for crude materials. In any case, presently there is such a significant number of difficulties looked by new business visionaries I. E. Absence of persistence in taking care of issues, absence of continued inspiration, Inability to dream and utilize subliminal and so on. Notwithstanding this different difficulties incorporates; creating vision and thoughts, raising capital, amassing a group, finding the correct area, finding the correct workers, discovering great clients, beating rivalry, unanticipated difficulties and costs, staying aware of mechanical changes and inclines and leaving the business.Introduction Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobiotic A business visionary is a financial pioneer who has the capacity to perceive indicate n ties the fruitful presentation of another item, new wellsprings of gracefully, new procedure of creation and so on and who collected the essential assets and sorts out them into a going 71 concern. A business visionary is an individual who discovers and assesses another circu mstance in his condition and coordinates the creation of such modifications in the financial framework as he esteems necessary.He consistently scans for change, reacts to it and adventures it as a chance. Development is the particular LOL of business people, the methods by which they misuse change as an open door for an alternate business or administration. A business visionary is one who arranges, works and accept the danger of an undertaking. The force of the test to advance a business culture just as to develop new endeavors in a practical and serious manner differs between countries.Starting a business and turning into a business visionary is energizing it is likewise unnerving. While beginning another business visionaries face such huge numbers of difficulties, for example, flimsiness, stress, negative attitude, overpowering emotions, jack of help, sentiments of needing to quit any pretense of, growing a business, issues of crude material, issues identifying with promoting, obsolete innovation, absence of infrastructural offices, absence of gifted works and so forth. So as to lead an effective business a business visionary must defeat challenges.The primary destinations of the in vestigation are to distinguish the difficulties looked by the new business people and to break down the measures to conquer them. Specific concerning access to fund. All business people will sooner or later feel overpowered with numerous obligations that fall on their shoulders. The regular difficulties looked by business people are Overestimating Success, Misplaced reason,. Negative Mindset, Poor Organization,. Handyman, Employee Motivation, Lack of Support.The World Bank report presents the outcomes off review of smaller scale, little and medium organizations in Georgia, and dissects factors that restrain development of pioneering and inventive action of Georgian firms. Appears name troubles in access to fund, particularly for new businesses, inadequate information and innovation move, restricted aptitudes, nonattendance of exceptional Government program on the side of enterprise and advancement among key on-screen characters that compel their development and improvement. The World Bank report gives chosen proposals planned for improving pioneering society and encouraging imaginative enterprise. Private area makes 9 out of 10 occupations in the worldwide economy. Along these lines, formation of appealing speculation atmosphere and favorable business condition for new business passages and development of private area is foremost for supportable monetary development of the nation and neediness reduction.In Georgia, be that as it may, the portion of little and medium organizations in GAP stays little at under 20 percent of GAP and is a lot of rower when contrasted with numerous nations in the area (like Armenia where SEEM contributes 42 percent to GAP) or in Europe and Central Asia district, with a normal 60 percent portion of SEEM in GAP. As indicated by the World Bank 2013 examination Fostering Entrepreneurship Georgia, Georgian imaginative firms make 30% more employments and are substantially more serious in the local and worldwide markets than non-in ventive firms.Database and approach The investigation depends on optional information. The auxiliary information required for the investigations were gathered from different books and distributions identified with the subject under examination. Business people need to confront various difficulties making progress toward progress, in 72 Therefore, cultivating development of enterprise and making condition for scaling up and fast development of creative and increasingly gainful firms should get one of the key needs of the nation s improvement goals.Similar to numerous nations in the ACE locale and specifically, EX. part nations, the administration of Georgia mutually with the private segment can encourage pioneering by raising significance of enterprise, improving the general business condition, expanding access to business sectors, data and supporting abilities arrangement, encouraging access to fund and making uncommon instruments and foundations to empower advancement, Increase firm-level research improvement centralization, encourage information and mechanical overflows to build firm-level productivity.The following were the significant difficulties looked by new business visionaries. Opportunity into a business thought. This as a business challenge in light of the fact that the way toward changing issues into business openings resembles attempting to transform lead into gold. The enterprising procedure of Creating Value from nothing ; a procedure that brings inventive items into reality. The following is a representation of how the procedure goes. Recognizing issue > seeing open door in the issue > Coming up with an answer > Forging the open door into a business thought > Integrating the arrangement into a business plan.Developing a dream is unquestionably a business challenge in light of the fact that a business person should now and then expect the job of a magician.. Most people are OK with the current method of getting things done however it is the obligation of a business person to imagine and figure what's to come. A business person should consistently be relatively revolutionary or, more than likely he will lose his pertinence. It is the obligation of a business person to bring into present what is yet to be. It is additionally the obligation of a business person to carry answers for others s problems.In the late ass and early ass, while IBM saw increment popular for their centralized computer PCs, Steve Jobs imagined a PC in each home and Bill Gates imagined the requirement for simple to utilize programming for PCs. That solitary vision made Bill Gates the most extravagant man on the planet and Steve Jobs the most celebrated representative of the 21st century. A decent representative must have nose for business a similar way a writer has SSE for news. A decent specialist sees where others wear t see. 1. Building up the Vision and Business Idea To have a good thought, have a great deal of them. What's more, There is unmistakably more open door than there is capacity. Thomas Edison Developing a business thought is typically the principal challenge looked by each business visionary when beginning a business without any preparation. Finding the correct business opportunity or inventively building up a thought is absolutely not a simple undertaking. Imagining the thought the main genuine assignment of a business person. A business person must have the capacity to perceive what others can't see. While others see burglars, a business person must see openings. Be that as it may, seeing open doors is only the start. The fundamental business challenge will be the capacity to fashion that 2. Raising Capital for Startup After building up a thought, the following test that the business people are going 73 to confront when beginning a business without any preparation is that of raising capital. A business person is the one in particular that knows business thought profoundly. Attempting to persuade financial specialists about something that portions t exist is unquestionably a test. Attempting to cause them to comprehend that they are dependable and equivalent to the undertaking isn't slope s play particularly when constructing the first business.As a business visionary bound to have qualities and shortcomings. That is the more explanation a business person needs a business group to conceal or praise their shortcomings. A group is a need for building an effective business. It s the obligation of a business person to ensure that their group considers the to be as the business visionary see. They should have confidence in potential outcomes and should likewise be enthusiastic about making that chance a reality. On the off chance that they would t be able to get a handle on the vision, on the off chance that they would t be able to see the future with business, at that point they are not commendable being equines team.An productive vital business group ought to involve as broker, budgetary consultant, bookkeeper, lawyer or legitimate guide and whatever other expert that will be of gigantic effect on the There is more to raising capital than essentially requesting cash. Most financial specialists need to put resources into effectively settled organizations with insignificant hazard and they need to be certain that they get returns for the hazard they took. Most splendid business thoughts never scale thr ough the funding stage on the grounds that the business visionary is either not arranged or needs the stuff to raise the required capital. To beat the test of raising capital, a business person must create t

The Dilemma of Childhood Obesity essays

The Dilemma of Childhood Obesity papers The motivation behind this paper is to distinguish a present issue in life expectancy improvement that has been of individual intrigue. This issue will draw numerous inquiries, concerns, recognize highlights that are progressively observable, and can frustrate advancement in what we would consider to be ordinary times of improvement. Youth heftiness is an issue that has been an expanding quandary all the more so in the course of recent decades. This specific issue is of extraordinary enthusiasm to me in light of the fact that the unfavorable impacts it has mentally and I work in an educational system where it is corpulence is common. At the point when we talk as far as stoutness in youngsters it can alter and make issues in the procedures of organic, conduct, and social subjective, ethological, environmental parts of advancement. How does weight occur? How does this influence the course of youth through adulthood? Who is mindful? Corpulence is ascribed to a potential absence of inspiration that originates from guardians, peers, and the earth where a kid lives. This delicate issue surely is a steady procedure that happens after some time and doesn't occur without any forethought. I watch time after time poor dietary patterns and all the more so now in a quick paced society where inexpensive food has become the standard over home prepared suppers. It is likewise imperative to express that with the two guardians or single parent homes where work is essential, there is more noteworthy obligation regarding kids to settle on more choices for themselves concerning eating for there is no direction. Schools were investigated all the more as of late throughout the years and have changed nourishment decisions and parts that help in decreasing the admission of nourishment devoured by all kids. This is a positive development, yet it is the thing that lies outside the school dividers that is a significant benefactor and is of more prominent worry, for it's anything but a reliable daily schedule. Which prompts a significant component which is constrained physical movement; which means there is no inspiration to go running, biking, or just ... <!

Introducing Good Topics for Presentation

Introducing Good Topics for Presentation Good Topics for Presentation: the Ultimate Convenience! Inflation can't be controlled. Debate topics generally are intended to hold to attention of listeners, and we have some which are guaranteed to hold anybody's interest! Neatly type each point you wish to deliver, preferably in 1 slide. The following day you're going to be in a position to begin the experiment. You may have the most eloquent speaking points in the remainder of the presentation, but a well-made chart might be the tipping point to genuinely drive your point home. As a college or university student, you'll have to write several presentations in the duration of acquiring your degree. Contemplating that a vast majority of college students have courses teaching specialist communication skills, it's important to highlight that there may be instances when you've got to provide a group or individual presentation on a topic of your selection. You can pick any of the suggested topics to create an intriguing college presentation. A whole lot of students require assistance with assignment from professors and experts initially as they're newly introduced to man graded components in order to do well. If you buy an opportunity to deliver a business presentation, you can select a topic from the list given below. Now you're worried and are likely to shell out too much of your creative time hoping to decide on the most suitable topic and not rehearsing your presentation. You should repeat the principal ideas throughout your presentation so the critical points stick! To avoid losing your audience and receiving a lower grade, you ought to start with mulling over a few cool presentation suggestions to select an ideal topic. Maybe the most crucial portion of building an educational presentation is capturing that interest close to the outset. Students prepare presentations for many reasons, including some basic slides for important topic so they can review the class content quickly at the right time of examination. In school, it is generally utilized to assist you learn how to correctly decide on a topic which you can develop into a complete presentation, which is a significant skill to get later on. Selecting the very best topic for a presentation, researching and writing about it's a task that lots of students find quite tough to do. The theory behind contrast is to make slides that stand out at your audience and which they're able to easily read. Any man or woman who's invited to talk to a group of individuals may find himself wondering what things to speak about. You're giving a presentation before a room full of individuals. More to the point, the proper body language can cause you to be a more influential presenter. Famous lives The best American. Debate topics don't always need to be serious they are able to unquestionably be humorous also! Ideally, you ought to make notes as you find out more about the subject. Topics with which you're well acquainted with are inclined to be presented with more confidence. If you are feeling strongly on a specific subject, do your research and talk about doing it. Because there are several unique subjects, it may be quite tough for you to locate suitable topics for presentation assignments. You can also attempt exploring curious and controversial facets of a subject. You're full of choices. Based on the circumstance, you may rather not speak about topics related to get the job done. The next thing to do is to work out the 3 essential attributes for the job. Utilizing credit cards if you are not absolutely certain that you are able to make your payment in full within 30 days is risky. To get you started, we've prepared a thorough collection of 100 topics to have you thinking. Rather than scouring the internet for an image you may use or paying to license 1 image after another, an all-you-can download subscription to Elements gives you accessibility to the whole library. A bit similar to the desktop version, which means that you are going to have a couple challenges.

Damages Clauses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2234 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? Contents: 1. Introduction P.2 2. The criteria necessary for a purported liquidated damages clause.. P.3 3. The main factors of claims P.4 4. The benefits to Employers and Contractors in a valid liquidated damages clause P.5 5. If the liquidated damages clause is not held to be valid and enforceable P.6 6. Conclusions and Recommendations P.10 Question 2: Discuss the criteria necessary for a purported liquidated damages clause to be held to be valid, the benefits that would accrue to Employers and Contractors in agreeing a valid liquidated damages clause and the principles (including but not limited to any disadvantages) involved in claiming damages if the liquidated damages clause is not held to be valid and enforceable 1. Introduction The implementation of construction projects are based Supervision Contract, construction contract as a medium to investors, supervision, construction of the three parties together, both interrelated between them, and mutual restraint, in order to realize the investments project progress the quality objectives are and work together. Therefore, the project contracts are essential for any party to the project file. The construction contract management is the most important daily management. The Fulfillment of Contracts, the contract because of the other party fails to perfo rm or improper performance of the tasks agreed in the contract losses and to the other party claims duration and economic, they constitute the core of contract management. To strengthen construction contract and claims management is not only to ensure the smooth progress of the construction works, the better for companies to avoid the unnecessary loss, strive for more profits The construction industry of Hong Kong determines was rapidly to increase of various engineering construction projects. Demand for the construction industry growing wider. Due to construction in a longer period of time. Moreover, many building and infrastructure projects will be still overflow the original contract period.. For the project quality it directly associated to peoples lives and the property safety. This determines the particularity of the project construction. In project construction, signed a contract to make all kinds of effective measures to ensure the quality of the project. The contract con clusion to the both sides responsibility shall perform the provisions of made clear that if one party does not strictly abide with the terms of the contract entered into by the other party of the contract so that the losses, than the defaulting party shall immediately to stop the breach of contract and shall be punished in the accordance with regulation or pay the injured party liquidated damages to compensate for the loss caused to the other party. 2. The criteria necessary for a purported liquidated damages clause To quote à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Requirements for a valid liquidated damages provision To succeed in a liquidated damages claim contractual, a party must be establishment: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Damages Clauses" essay for you Create order There has been a breach of contract; That has suffered a loss; That is a causal connection between the violation and the losses that party wants to close.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  1Pinsent Masons, Out Law .com, guide (Liquidated damages) ( August 2011) https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projectsconstruction/construction-contracts/liquidated-damages/ Liquidated damages is a agreement when the party of the contract commit to the pay of a certain amount of as a fixed and agreement upon satisfaction for not doing something in especially mentioned in the contract. If the work was completed late such a sum is enforce, due to their default the complete work was late. On the other hand, a penalty is a sum included in the contract which is intended to punish severely the contractor and is far higher than the employer estimated the loss .Such as the sum would be unenforceable. Claims causes: 1. The contract change with technology, continuous development of new technology, the employer of the projects have become more complex, so that very difficult design in construction is increasing, but the scene is often unforeseen happens. So designers in the design perfe ct, absolutely no mistakes is not possible. Often in the construction process, they need for design changes, sometimes according to the situation, the engineer will instruct change construction methods, which would lead to changes in construction costs and schedule. 2. The contract documents (including technical specifications) into the implementation phase defects sometimes contract, only to find that the contract itself has irreparable flaws, or ambiguous language, or the existence of loopholes or contradictions, inconsistencies caused both sides to understand. This will cause controversy, leading to claims. 3. In the construction site is not required to provide the materials, equipment, failure to pay for projects, engineers, mainly in the breach of contract because they cannot solve the problem, errors in the work, demanding inspection and other factors, interfere with normal construction. The reason due to problems with third-party engineering related contract or agreed t o enter into a third party occurred, the impact on the project schedule or cost, and can also be the cause of the claim. 4. Change policies and Ordinance, that regulations mainly refers to the project cost- relevant policies and regulations, because the timing of the project cost has a strong, regional, so the relevant authorities and the rest of the country will be the introduction of relevant policies, laws and regulations. Some are enforceable, and will change with the market, technology, and constantly changing, it will cause changes in the duration and cost become claims. [i]1Pinsent Masons, Out Law .com, guide (Liquidated damages) ( August 2011) https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projectsconstruction/construction-contracts/liquidated-damages/ 3. The main factors of claims: Due to a contractor to unable to fulfill the contractual obligations and it will be cause a chain reaction. If one fails to various contractors on time, is performed sequentially, and get something done, inevitably bring about the interference with the after sequence construction work units. Due to changes in the environment, such as: market price increases, changes in the law, abnormal weather conditions, unusual geological conditions, are leading to a potential incentive engineering claims. Under the contract should be extended period, the contract price will be adjusted for accordingly Due to the Tender documents, contract-specific terms, general terms of the contract, drawings, of Bill of Quantities and during performance of the contract agreement and a series of supplementary files, if the contract documents are not rigorous, even contradictions, omissions or errors will become produce one of the important factors claims. The Claims are in the process of implementation of the contract, because the other party fails to perform the contract or fails to properly perform their obligations under the contract or fails to protect commitments contractual conditions are fulfilled after suffered a loss, that request for com If the delay is the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility he may consider it financially more advantageous in the absence of an obligation to use best endeavors, to allow the work to overrun the contract period and to pay liquidated damages. 4. The benefits to Employers and Contractors in a valid liquidated damages clause In the construction process, because of the complexity and multiple engineering technology and the environmental variability, it is impossible to completely avoid claims. Claims that the parties to safeguard their economic benefits means the rights of the parties ,as a good claims management it to raise the preventive countermeasures to avoid a con tract controversial, so that the project can be completed in accordance with the scheduled time of high quality, for a win-win for both parties. To quote à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the case law Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage Motor Co Ltd[1915]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Court to find out whether the payment provision is in the truth finds or liquidated damages. The liquidated damages is essence for the contract to pre-estimate of damage. A question of construction to be decided upon the terms and for each particular contract under the inherent and judged as at the time of sign the contract circumstances, not as at the time of the breach. Which applicable to the case under considered, prove to be: It will be held to be a penal sum. If the sum is provisions and exorbitant in amount in compare with the greatest of loss that can envisaged in proved to have followed from the breach of contract. A single lump sum is made pay by method of claimant, on the occurrence of one or more or all of multiple events, some of which may occur serious and others but Notable for appear punitive damage. There a no hinder to the sum promised being a real to pre-estimate of damage. That the consequences of the breach of contract are such as to make precise pre-estimation nearly as impossibility. Conversely, the situation when it is possible to obtain at pre-estimate damage be true bargain between the both sides In this case, the essence of liquidated damages is that it is a genuine covenanted pre- estimate of damages. Whether a sum is a penalty or liquidated damages is a question of construction to be decided upon the terms and circumstances of each particular contract judged at the time of making the contract not at the time of breach. Moreover, it must prove their actual losses, mitigation, which is to take reasonable steps, covered by the liquidated damages provisions to avoid or minimize loss of benefits. In fact, if the clause was valid and applicable, the employer will have the right to specify a penalty even if they have no actual losses. 5. If the liquidated damages clause is not held to be valid and enforceable. To quoteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If liquidated damages become unenforceable and hence an entitlement to unliquidated damages arises, can the unliquidated damages be greater had the liquidated damages. In the event of there being no such provision, time can become at large and the right to levy liquidated damages for any delays caused by the contractor is lost if delays are to any of these reason. In Rapid Building Group v Ealing Family Housing Association Ltd (1984) It is accepted that a party must elect whether to claim liquidated or unliquidated damages; but as it seems to me, where the claim for liquidated damages has been lost or has gone, as has been rightly held by the judge, the defendants are not precluded from pursuing their counterclaim for unliquidated damages. It is not accepted on behalf of the defendants that if they pursue their claim it has on it a ceiling equal to the amount of liquidated damages It was startled to be told in the course of the argument that if any part of the delay was caused by the employer, no matter how slight, then the liquidated damages clause in the contract clause 22 become inoperative. In peak construction it was held: if the employer is in way responsible for the failure to achieve the complet ion date, he can recover no liquidated damages at all and is left to prove such general damages as he may sufferedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2Roger Knowles (2000) ONE HUNDRED CONTRACTUAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS p.68,Blackwell Science Ltd Where liquidated damages become unenforceable it will be for the employer to prove such general or unliquidated damages as he is claiming. This is in contrast to liquidated damages which require no proof to be enforceable. The question then arises as to whether, should the general damages which the claimant is able to prove exceed the liquidated damages included in the contract will payment become due for the greater amount so proved. 2Roger Knowles (2000) ONE HUNDRED CONTRACTUAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS p.68,Blackwell Science Ltd 6. Conclusions and Recommendations To conclusion, In this study through the concept of the contract, the main content, causes and current situation of contract management and claims be described, quote the cas e of claims related to introduce Construction Contracts, knowledge of contract management and claims management. Construction contract claims is a complex issue, that involving the knowledge economy, technology, law, management, finance and other aspects. Hong Kong is in a stage of rapid development and the claims are becoming increasingly frequent. Enhanced Claims awareness, strengthen contract and claims management to avoid unnecessary losses, ensure a schedule, quality and economic efficiency of the necessary means. Construction contract is the basis for the claim and the claim is a continuation of contract management. Project claims to prevent the above factors engineering claims analysis produced for the project claim, the owner as a management major is very hard in preventive aspects, specifically should do the following: Earnestly of preparing the project work, to make program, meticulous design work as closely as possible, required under the contract hundred perc ent complete. In the tender document production, and strive to reach contract of engineering content, one-time contract tendering out. In the implementation process of the claim, the claim is particularly important skill. Due to the objective of environmental conditions, and specifically the following: Looking for a claim early opportunity Signing a contract agreement Must be confirmed the verbal of change orders Timely to attach the issue Claims notice 5. Provide adequate demonstrate as a claims report Claims and expenses to calculation under the appropriate methods Individual claim strive to avoid claims; Strive to amicable settlement, prevent antagonism 7. References Case Law Study Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage Motor Co Ltd[1915] Rapid Building Group v Ealing Family Housing Association Ltd (1984) Reference Book 2Roger Knowles (2000)ONE HUNDRED CONTRACTUAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS p.68,Blackwell Science Ltd References Online Website 1Pinsent Masons, Out Law .com, guide (Liquidated damages) ( August 2011) https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projectsconstruction/construction-contracts/liquidated-damages/ P.1 [i]

Essay on Women in the Second Industrial Revolution

Women in the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on womens lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. In the late nineteenth century women were participating in a variety of experiences, such as social disabilities confronted by all women, new employment patterns, and working class poverty and prostitution. These experiences will show how women were perceived in the Second Industrial Revolution. Women were confronted by many social obligation in the late nineteenth century. Women were living lives that reflected their social rank. They were expected to be economically dependent and legally inferior. No†¦show more content†¦Also, women generally socialized with one another, it was unheard of for a woman and a man to socialize unless her husband was with her. The nineteenth century brought about a change in womens education. Common schools were established in the 1820s, which started to close the educational gap between men and women. Eventually, women were able to take over teaching jobs because it dealt with child nurturing, which was considered to be a female job. On woman who made a difference in womens rights during the nineteenth century was Susan B. Anthony. In 1872, she felt that women perceived the government as having no just powers. The Second Industrial Revolution saw an expansion in the variety of jobs available to women. There was a movement that consisted of women getting jobs as office clerks and administrative positions while the law still saw them as inferior to their husdands and fathers. The League of German Womens Associations, was a group of German women that gave support to all the women in their new careers. The wartime jobs produced lasting careers and life-style changes for women. Some of the jobs they did were telephone operators, factory workers, seamstresses, and physicians. Most of the women that were hired for these jobs were young and unmarried because they had fewer obligations to attend. This meant, they could work long hours with little pay since they did not have a family to provide for. It wasShow MoreRelatedWomen And Their Roles During The Second Industrial Revolution3502 Words   |  15 PagesWomen and Their Roles in the Second Industrial Revolution When discussing history, it is often assumed that the history of men is also the history of women. Historians often forget that women constantly experience historical processes differently because of the roles that they play and their biological differences. The second Industrial Revolution affected women uniquely, and their involvement and contributions were distinctive as well. The second Industrial Revolution lead to many advantages andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesConditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigatorRead MoreNon-Political Revolutions734 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen revolutions that have affected the world in many different ways. There is two kind of revolutions political revolutions ,that are changes to the government, and non political revolution, that are intellectual, economic or social changes. The non political revolutions are important because they had shaped the way we all think, act and work in the actuality. Some of those non political revolutions are the enlightenment that was a change in the way that everybody thinked; and the Industrial revolutionRead MoreEssay on Life Pre and Post Industrial Revolution938 Words   |  4 Pagesgone through since the industrial revolution. Lives of people including men, women and children use to be lot different before the revolution and post revolution. The revolution helped certain people in many ways but also there were side effects which were seen in the lives and are seen post revoluti on. Industrialization has affected many people in particular to the lives of women and men to their way of working. The paper will focus on the different parts of the revolution and more on the life duringRead MoreIndustrialization After the Civil War Research Paper1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society, and the affects the life of the average working American. While the Industrial Revolution was a great turning point in the history of mankind, it led humanityRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreEssay on The Second Industrial Revolution1444 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Civil War, the technologies upon which the First Industrial Revolution was based were established in the United States. In the years following the war, the nations industrial energies were focused on completing the railroad and telegraph networks of the North, rebuilding those of the South, and expanding those of the West. Once the devastating depression of the 1870’s depleted, the stage was set for the Second Industrial Revolution. New inventions came about to ease the production of goodsRead MoreThe Nuclear Family Replaced the Extended Family After Industrialisation679 Words   |  3 Pagesanother; if one family member were hard done by, all the other family members would help sort it out. Parsons believed that the industrial revolution brought about three fundamental changes. The first of these was the new social roles where the men went out to work and the women stayed at home to do housework and look after the children. The second was the extended family became geographically mobile. He believed that by becoming geographically mobile, the extended familyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay example1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the world. The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom as large deposits of coal and iron were found throughout the land which brought the rise of factories and machines, the idea then subsequently spread throughout the world. It was perhaps one of the greatest moments in human historyRead MoreHoward Spodeks Chapter 17 Notes Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 17 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BRITIAN, 1700-1860 †¢ British cotton textile industry grew into the worlds most productive; its railway network became the nation’s principal means of inland transportation and communication; and a new fleet of steam-powered ships enabled Britain to project its new productivity and power around the globe. †¢ A Revolution in Agriculture o Jethro Tull invented the seed drill that replaced to old method of scattering seeds by hand on the surface of the soil. o

Epidemiology in the Elderly with Heart Disease free essay sample

Epidemiology in the Elderly with Heart Disease Epidemiology in the Elderly with Heart Disease Public health promotes healthy living for each community through epidemiology. Disease prevention and control is the common goal of epidemiology, nursing practice, and public health. â€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the population in order to monitor the health of the population, understand the determinants of health and disease in the community, and investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health† (Stanhope Lancaster. 2008). Epidemiologists have developed many parameters to slow the spread of disease. For example, cardiovascular disease including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and rhythmic disorders have become increasingly common with advancing age across the country. Epidemiology is the study of health related events, characteristics, and determinant patterns in a population. Public health researchers use epidemiology to help make policies and identifying risk factors for disease and preventable medicine through evidence based studies. Epidemiology looks at diseases such as cardiovascular disease along with infectious diseases such as influenza. Epidemiologists take into account health behaviors such as diet and activity, social conditions such as poverty and housing, health services and research. Epidemiology can be either descriptive or analytical. Descriptive epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health-related states or events. It refers to the occurrence of disease, in term of person, place, and time (Stanhope Lancaster 2008). It rules out chance, bias, confounding as explanations of observed differences, and draws conclusions as causal hypotheses. It also includes public health surveillance. Analytic epidemiology studies the determinants of health related states or events. It measures and tests the causes and associations (the how and why), from descriptive studies hypotheses, controls for chance, bias, confounding in the study design, analyzing data and drawing conclusions. Heart disease in the elderly population is an example of how the principles of epidemiology are applied in vulnerable populations. The methods used to quantify the existence or occurrences of the disease are frequency, distribution, and causes. Frequency has two components. The incidence is a measure of new cases of disease that develop in a population during a specific time. It also measures the probability that unaffected persons will develop the disease. Prevalence is the proportion of individuals in a population with disease or condition at a specific point of time. It provides an idea of how severe a problem may be. Distribution shows the risk factors that might be the cause of the disease. The epidemiologic triangle is used to help scientists with studying health problems. It helps understand diseases and how they spread. The triangle has three corners, the agent or cause of the disease (the what), the host or organism harboring the disease (the who), and the environment or external factors (the where). In the center of the triangle is time. Time refers to the incubation period or the time that the symptoms occur. Chronic heart diseases found in the elderly such as Congestive Heart Failure or CHF follow the epidemiologic triangle. There may be many causes of CHF including obesity and hypertension. External factors such as stress contribute to the risk of heart disease. Although many people live a healthy life style, they are not immune to heart disease. The steps of the epidemiologic methods are surveillance versus research, and common epidemiologic measures that are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative measures are continuous numbers, and discrete numbers. Qualitative measures are nominal categorical, ethnicity, and ordinal. Epidemiology step methods are design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and reporting. Public health is ongoing with systematic collection, interpretation, analysis, and dissemination of the data. This is used in public health to reduce the mortality rate and improve the health of the population. The risk for high blood pressure increases with age, therefore complications associated to high blood pressure increase. These risks are stroke, kidney disease, heart attack, and heart failure. By the age of 70 almost half of all Americans have high blood pressure due to unknown causes. Half of all heart attacks happen to those over the age of 65. Coronary heart disease is the leading killer in the elderly. Men are higher at risk for heart disease than women during middle age, women’s risk increases after menopause leading to equality in risk. Aortic valve disease is the most common heart valve disease in the elderly. The aortic valve allows blood to pump form the left ventricle to the rest of the body. Aortic sclerosis is the process of thickening and stiffening in this valve. This disease affects about one third of all elderly people. Heart rhythm and electrical system problems are more common with age. Arrhythmia’s can have no symptoms or be very slight causing palpations, dizziness, fainting, or light headedness. If the hearts rhythm is too slow, this is called bradycardia. If it is too fast, this is called tachycardia. Dysrhythmias are also common among the elderly. Heart failure is a major public health concern among the elderly. As the population ages, the prevalence of heart failure continues to increase. Assessing a patient through interview and obtaining an accurate medical history, doing a physical exam and electrocardiogram provides a great deal of information about the heart and risk factors. Further testing such as echocardiograms and nuclear scan will help to reveal more information about the structure of the heart and its function. Cardiac catheterization, a more invasive study, may be necessary to help determine treatment or provide a map for surgery. The elderly need to be considered frail and may be too weak to undergo such invasive testing. Although treatment for young and elderly is about the same, the age of the person needs to be taken into account when doing invasive testing. By the age of 65, the heart beats more than 100,000 times a day. It has pumped about 2,000 gallons of blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessels each day. The heart is the largest muscle in the body. Even at the age of 65, it has many more years of service. As people age the natural physiologic changes decrease the efficiency of the heart. The older the heart becomes the less elastic the muscle becomes, so it is not able to relax completely between each beat. The wall of the heart thickens, especially the chambers that are responsible for pumping the blood. The thickening of the walls causes the heart to enlarge. As the heart ages it becomes less receptive to adrenaline. This decreases the hearts ability to prepare for exercise. Adrenaline helps the heart increase strength and rate of contractions per minute. By the year 2013, it is estimated that one in every five Americans will be over the age of 65. Cognitive impairment can become a problem with ethical and legal issues such as informed consent for a test and getting accurate information when conducting an interview. Giving the elderly autonomy and respecting their decisions when it comes to heart disease is sometimes hard to do as a health care provider. Many times the older population only gets their income from Social Security and therefore do not have enough money for prescription medications and other treatment for their heart disease. It is the responsibility of the public health nurse to help the elderly get the help they need to get adequate treatment. Contacting the local Department of Health and Human Services may give the elder assistance with healthcare. These departments have special units just for elder assistance. Many drug companies will also give discounts for prescription medications. Giving the contact information to the older population is necessary. Many elderly will not tell the public health professional about their needs out of pride. Heart disease may be the leading cause of death, but prevention can be done. Stop smoking or don’t start smoking. Chemicals in tobacco damage the heart and blood vessels, leading to narrowing of the arteries. Regular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease by controlling weight and reduces the chances of getting other diseases that strain the heart muscle. Eating a healthy diet which is low in salt, cholesterol and saturated fats can help protect the aging heart as well. Maintaining a healthy weight and getting regular medical checkups can help prevent heart disease. Regular medical exams can detect disease early and given the chance, reverse the disease all together. Early detection and prevention saves lives, especially in the elderly population. The type of epidemiology used in this paper is descriptive because it describes how heart disease affects the aging population. It quantifies the existence or the occurrence of heart disease in the aging population. Descriptive epidemiologists consider the frequency and pattern of the heart disease. The frequency evaluates the rate of the disease and the pattern helps suggest the risk factors of heart diseases. They evaluate frequency and pattern by examining the person, place, and time in relation to heart disease. Epidemiology to the public health professional provides a systematic approach to caring for the public at large and treating by performing several tasks including surveillance, investigation, analysis, and evaluation. Different disease rates are used to target disease intervention and to generate a hypothesis about risk factors and the cause of diseases. Epidemiology is the core to public health and defines health in all dimensions. This paper analyzed the components of epidemiology as a science and its application to heart disease in the elderly. It also considers other sciences to help understand and prevent diseases and infection. Epidemiology opens the doors to the vast field of the public health goal to preserve life and human well-being. By preventing a disease, public health officials can help the public live healthier happier lives.

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Treatments

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depression during its discovery, affects millions of lives today. Living with this disease can be life changing, leaving the victim feeling isolated with no knowledge on how to cope or why one has such raging emotions and fear that can lead to an outburst of depression, sadness and some cases of harmful rage.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This comes from within and out of the blue. This disorder affects every race, all ages from the very young to the old. Male and females are affected, but not equally (Smith and Segal, 2011, p. 1). Understanding bipolar and how it affects your mind and physical health is very helpful in coping with it. This helps one understand more about the symptoms associated with the disorder and alongside various medical treatments, therapy and support from loved ones, this disorder is very manageable. As mentioned above, bipolar disorder leads to unusual changes in emotional status of affected individuals. There are common symptoms of the disorder that can help family members identify the illness. Long periods of extreme happiness or a high is a common sign of the disorder. Patients of this disorder often get agitated very fast and for no good reasons alongside having a jumpy feeling. Restlessness and lack of sleeps is also a common sign. Other patients have impulsive behaviors and unrealistic beliefs on their capacities. As the disorder progresses, the affected individuals lose interest in certain activities such as sex. Some have trouble making decisions and concentrating on something, be it in school or at work (Read, 2010, p. 1). In extreme cases, patients may start talking about death and thinking of committing suicide. There are several types of Bipolar Disorder. The most common types are bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I is classified as the most severe in all forms of depression. Bipolar II is the more common type and is similar to Bipolar I, but it is less severe. Diagnosing Bipolar in children is more difficult than it is in adults. I will use a little boy named Timmy as an example.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Happy five year old Timmy playing with other children his age until something happens, he changes suddenly into a violent, raging little wild boy. His fits are brushed off as temper tantrums until they become more often and serve in nature such as, hurting himself or another child. I have witnessed Timmy banding his head against the wall till it bleeds. This comes and goes leaving a happy little boy running and playing normally. At the age of 15 Timmy is diagnosed with bipolar I. More studies need to be done on the disorder in the infancy stage. Temper tantrums may be the beginning stage, but in f act he is dealing with bouts of depression and mood swings, coupled with bouts of aggressive behavior. There are no cures for bipolar disorders, but treatments for living with this disease are available. Lithium has offered much success alongside counseling and therapy. Learning how to live with this disease will help you live a happier and productive life. The best help is having a good support system in place. Family and friends can help you cope with and understand this condition. Keeping a record of what times, the places and maybe who contributes to your spiral down the road of depression may also e of great help in such occurrences (NIMH 2010, p. 1). However, this disorder may be undiagnosed for many years and labeled as normal behavior especially at early ages. Under the age of six it is not understood and most often it is dismissed. Reference List Smith, M and Segal, J. (2011). Understanding bipolar disorder. Web. NIMH. (2010). Bipolar disorder. Web. Read, K. (2010). Warning signs of bipolar disorder. Web.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This term paper on Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Treatments was written and submitted by user Giovanna Horton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Government Securities Market of Kazakhstan

Government Securities Market of Kazakhstan Free Online Research Papers 1. The importance of the research The global practice shows, that the security markets are the effective mechanism of mobilization of financial resources and savings of the population, optimum redistribution of means in a national economy. However, today, the economy of Kazakhstan is facing the problem of having more money in circulation than it is required. Moreover, most of this money is not earning, but rather kept in people’s hands. This paper is aimed at analyzing one of the tools to solve this problem – government securities. It will consider the past and the present situation of the market for government securities. Also, it will consider the ways to improve and enlarge the market for further development of national economy as a whole. One of the important tools of the security market is government security. All over the world governments and their establishments are the largest borrowers of the capital. With the help of the markets of government securities, the state borrows temporarily free money resources from commercial banks, financial companies and population. The received money resources are used for non-inflationary financing of government and local budget deficits. Besides, the given sector of the security markets is especially important for a national economy as the tool of monetary policy, as a key parameter of a status of a financial system of the state, and also as a guide for the foreign investors. 2. Government Securities The types of government securities circulating since 2000 1. MEAKAM – government special bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with 10 years of maturity 2. MEIKAM government treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan indexed to inflation 3. MEKABM government currency treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan indexed to inflation 4. MEKAM government treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with all types of maturity 5. MEKKAM government short-term treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with up to 1-year maturity included 6. MEOKAM government middle-term treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with from 1-year to 10-year maturities. 3. Development of GS in primary and secondary markets In 1994 creation of a home security market begun in Kazakhstan, which would be capable to carry out the above-stated functions considerably to reduce volumes of direct crediting by National Bank of the Ministry of Finance. The market of government securities was formed gradually. ? First, the volumes addressed on the security market were increased. It concerns both the primary, and the secondary government securities market. Figure # 1 On results of 2000, the volume of the issued government securities has made already 200099 million tenge, and volume of the trades in the secondary market 524360 million tenge. Whereas in 1994 the given parameters did not exceed 233, 7 million and 1, 7 million tenge, accordingly. ? Second, a variety of tools of borrowing grew. If right at the beginning of formation of government securities markets, state offered the three-monthly exchequer obligations and notes of National Bank only in tenge, by the end of 2000 the spectrum of financial tools considerably has extended. It is important to note occurrence in Kazakhstan in 1999 of a new category of government securities bonds of local executive bodies. The data is kindly provided by the State Statistics Agency ? Third, in process of development of the market of the state liabilities its infrastructure developed also: technical and legal. 4. The technical infrastructure. The basic components of the technical infrastructure, generated in Kazakhstan, of the security markets are a National commission of Republic of Kazakhstan on securities, Ministry of the finance acting by the emitter of government securities on behalf of government; national bank which is carrying out functions of the financial agent on service of release; CJSC Central deposits of securities, carrying out account of movement of the property rights on securities; the Kazakhstan stock exchange acting by the organizer of secondary tenders on republican securities and primary accommodation on the bonds of local bodies of authority, and also primary dealers. 5. The legal base The legal base of functioning of the security markets is submitted by a package of the documents regulating to all spectrum of the legal relations of the participants, order of accommodation of government securities, repayment, secondary tenders and realization of accounts. Among the basic normative acts it is possible to name the: Civil code of Republic of Kazakhstan, Law of Republic of Kazakhstan On the security markets , Law of Republic of Kazakhstan On state and guaranteed state borrowings and duty, Rules on the order of release, manipulation and repayment of various kinds of government securities, and also Rules of realization of operations REPO and opposite REPO and government securities of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6. Development of external borrowing of the Ministry of Finance Already it is possible to tell, that the home market of state securities is generated and corresponds to a modern level of development of national economy. Besides for today it is the most advanced and large part of all financial markets of Kazakhstan. Analyzing the market of the state liabilities, it is necessary to mention a question on development of external borrowings of the Ministry of the Finance, which is carried out with the help of emission of euro securities. The preferability of the euro-bonded loans is explained to that only in euro markets it is possible to attract long-term and rather cheap financial resources. The release of external borrowings on a market basis directly and indirectly reduces cost of the debt. Direct effect attraction of additional sources of financing of deficiency of the budget. Indirect effect decrease of profitability of all tools of the state debt and strengthening of a position of the Ministry of Finance at accommodation of new releases in a home market. At the same time, except for the economy of the internal savings, successful accommodation of the external loans gives a positive signal for direct and indirect portfolio of the investments. The question on development of the given direction of state borrowings has risen in 1996, as by then home market of government securities yet did not give an opportunity to attract means for longer terms. In total for years of independence Kazakhstan made four releases of sovereign euro-bonds, which have allowed to occupy the niche in the international capital market. Date of issue 20.12.1996 02.10.1997 18.10.1998 11.05.2000 Maturity date 20.12.1999 02.10.2002 18.10.2004 11.05.2007 Coupon rate 9.25 8.375 13.625 11.125 Number of pmt p.a. 2 2 2 2 Currency $ $ $ $ Initial spread 350 245 825 500 Total value $200 mln. $350 mln. $275 mln. $350 mln. Exchange listing Amsterdam Luxemburg Amsterdam Luxemburg Luxemburg Amsterdam Luxemburg Managers ABN AMRO Bank J.P. Morgan Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank ABN AMRO J.P. Morgan The data is kindly provided by the State Statistics Agency In whole all four issues were appreciated by the experts as successful, despite of the negative corrective amendments, which have been brought in a situation by global financial crisis. Certainly creation for rather short time of the satisfactorily functioning market of government securities is plus for a national economy. Nevertheless given market has the contradiction, which should be eliminated by its further improvement. Firstly, this market concentrates the most part of all free market resources, distracting them thus from investment funds in real sector of economy. On this control will be kept to ensure that the issue of government securities remained in borders not undermining investment prospects. Secondly, the constant escalating of release of government bonds results in increase of the charges of the state on service of the debt, and as it breaks a parity of flows of financial resources between the state and enterprises. The contradiction of functioning of the market of government securities can be overcome by the further perfection of its segments of the financial market. 7. The basic direction of the further development of GS market. The basic directions of the further development of a home market of government securities in our point of view become: Decrease of profitability of government securities; Re-structuring of the internal debt for the benefit of more long-term borrowings; Expansion of a number of the holders of government securities; Development of sector of government securities of local bodies of management (municipal securities) The basic condition of development of the financial market is the decrease in profitability of government securities. And as high profitability conducts not only to increase of cost of service of the state debt but also raises a general price level on extra resources. Now many commercial banks consider the market of government securities as most reliable and sufficiently profitable object of an investment of free financial resources. For this reason in the arsenal they in most cases have 2 basic sources of the incomes contributions to tools of the market of government securities and commission for granting of services. All this considerably complicates a situation with investment in real sector of economy. It is necessary to note, that during development nevertheless it was possible considerably to lower the profitability of government securities, at the expense of activization in the market of pension funds, the given tendency will be possible to be kept. However, to reach an optimum level of profitability appropriate to real opportunities of economic system, for today yet it was not possible. One of the measures on reduction of cost of service of the state debt is its re-structuring for the benefit of more long-term borrowings. The Ministry of Finance takes steps on prolongation of terms of the loans. Nevertheless now as before in structure of the market of government securities short-term tools borrow the most part. Besides cost of service of the state debt needs to be reduced, having increased number of the investors wishing to participate in crediting the state. For today it is important to attract to the market the population and not the residents. As to the population that today, it practically does not participate in the market of government bonds. In Kazakhstan as before, the basic share of government primary dealers at their own expense purchase securities. Earlier, till April, 1999, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan the national savings bonds were issued and were intended for accommodation, including the physical persons, but in connection with transition to a mode of the freely floating exchange rate of tenge, now data valuable securities have appeared practically dead. Therefore, for attraction of the savings of the population it is necessary to use new liquid tools, which can be returned to the emitter at any time or on the expiration of the certain term of maturity. T hus, the important role is played by the price of the state bonds, which should be minimal. That is, accessible to the majority of the citizens. Besides attraction of the savings of the population considerably to increase opportunities of the investment mechanism, the participation of non-residents in the market of securities should be allowed. The first step in a direction of the decision of the given task already is made the decision on the admission of non-residents in a home market of government securities is accepted. Prospect of participation of the foreign investors in the market of government securities directly depends on skills to overcome the crisis of trust on the part of western investors who are still very badly familiar with conditions and features of domestic market, so that they would be involved in the large scales in the operations with tools, new to them. 9. Summary It is necessary to mention a question on prospects of borrowing in an international capital market. The prospects Kazakhstan euro bonded releases will be dependent on the state approach to regulation of the external loans and on the tendencies of development of the global markets after recent crisis. Relative profitability euro bonds in relation to internal government securities will be dependent on comparative dynamics of their profitability and on rates of a gain of foreign currencies. As a whole, the formation of the advanced and steady market of the state liabilities in the long term will be dependent on a general economic situation in the country. It is necessary to the state to create all conditions for development of stimulus to the savings to be accumulated and transform them into the investment. Reference: 1. Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, Annual Report 2001 2. Security Markets, Magazine, December 2001 3. State Statistics Agency, Report on movement of securities for 2001 4. Zh. N. Aytjanova, G. M. Adilova: â€Å"The Role of securities in Stock companies†, Study manual, 1997 5. Kazkhstan Sector Research, Kazakhstan Financial Markets, Government securities, May 1998. 6. Aljanova A. â€Å"Municipal bonds as alternative source of financing in capital markets†, 1998 7. Nurdin D. â€Å"Euro – obligations in Kazakhstan: Theory and Practice†, 1997 8. Berzon N.I., Bulkova E. A., Kojevnikov N. A., Chalenko A. V.: â€Å"Stock Exchange†, 1998 1. Introduction 2. The types of government securities 3. Development of GS in primary and secondary markets 4. The technical infrastructure 5. The legal base 6. Development of external borrowing of the Ministry of Finance 7. The basic direction of the further development of GS market 8. Summary Research Papers on Government Securities Market of KazakhstanDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalQuebec and CanadaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diplomacy - Essay Example The evolving elements of world politics can be identified as the accelerators of the transformation to the modern day diplomacy. There exist a direct impact of politics on diplomacy and diplomatic relations between nations. Numerous changes have been realized in the evolution of diplomacy. The old elements of diplomacy did not become extinct; they only evolved and changed with the times. Characteristics of diplomacy The old diplomacy The old diplomatic system can be characterized by the use of bilateral negotiations. This negotiation takes place between two nations or two representatives (Rourke, 263). In the context of this system, the negotiating parties were only presenting the views they had been sent to present. The process usually took long because of the limited power bestowed on the diplomats. Rarely did the heads of states meet face-to-face to negotiate anything. The use of emissaries was an extremely popular characteristic of the old diplomacy. Modern era diplomacy The mode rn diplomacy can be characterized by multilateral negotiations (Rourke, 263). These involve numerous countries negotiating towards a common goal. The rising number of global issues of concern can be attributed to the adoption of this system. The changes have been necessitated by one issue, like global warming, affecting many countries. Bilateral negotiations take place through conferences and meetings of several parties with a common goal. The comparisons Though diplomacy can be said to have evolved, the goal it aims at achieving remains the same. Reaching an agreement or coming up with a solution to a problem remains the core goal of diplomacy. This conclusion does not regard any of the diplomatic systems. However, numerous evolvements have created a change in diplomacy, and hence the transition from the old diplomacy to the modern era diplomacy. Numerous aspects on how diplomacy was conducted have changed to accommodate the modern are diplomatic system. Within the context of tradi tional diplomacy, it was rare to see a diplomatic congregation of more that two nations. This has, however, become the trend in the modern diplomacy (Rourke, 264). Negotiations between two parties have become rare. This can be attributed to the increasing level of global issues. Traditionally, there were few issues affecting more than one nation. While it was rare to see heads of state meeting personally with one another at a negotiation table in the old diplomacy, this happens severally in the modern case. Emissaries represent governments at the initial stage of diplomacy in the modern system. When the negotiations reach advance stages, the heads of states come into the negotiations. The role of heads of states in the old system was to send emissaries. Negotiations were carried out purely by the emissaries. Negotiations by heads of states have been termed as having dangerous repercussions should they fail to reach an agreement. Since it comes as the final solution, failure at this stage becomes catastrophic. In the modern era diplomacy, Presidents have been discouraged from taking part in negotiations. Secrecy of diplomatic proceedings was a top priority in the old diplomacy. The emissaries were required to deliver the message only to the specified person. In the modern era diplomacy, the proceedings go on in public. Reports are published about the proceedings of conferences and made public. The element of secrecy has been dealt away within the

Conflict Resolution in the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 40

Conflict Resolution in the Organization - Essay Example The main problem is that this group has somehow run out of control and other employees feel they are a nuisance. They severally were caught making fun of other employees, which has resulted in resigning of some employees. The former sales manager was a great friend of Cory and thus he did nothing even when employees complained to him about Cory’s group behavior. Cory is also a relative to one of the company’s directors and boasts that it is only his uncle who can approve his sacking. Being new in the company, Rogers sought the production manager’s opinion on the issue who told him it was wiser for him to leave the group alone since he was risking his job. However, Rogers feels that if not dealt with, this problem might cripple other workers performance. Last week he summoned Cory to his office with the aim of trying to advise him on the problems his group was causing the sales department. Cory responded rudely that members of his group were the most productive and Rogers was new in the company and knew nothing on the group. On telling the human resource manager, Rogers got another surprise when the manager told him that he had no right to decide on how the company employees should behave. An example of a badly resolved conflict involved Mary and Cory’s group. Mary, a former medical representative of the company lost her job when she demanded an apology from the group. This was after Cory and his group made a call to one of Mary’s clients which the client was uncomfortable with and demanded an explanation from Mary. When Mary found out about it, she demanded an explanation from Cory. Cory denied the claims even though the call traced back to him. From that day on, Cory’s group members started making fun of anything that Mary did. This was very uncomfortable for Mary and she decided to report to the then sales manager who brushed off the complaint. He said that Mary was overreacting and that such problems were part of medical representatives’ challenges.

Bloody civil war Essay Example for Free

Bloody civil war Essay The final two chapters of the novel, Ike tries to discover and understand the history of his own family and the way in which they had treated the blacks. He even attempts to make amendments to one of them, by sending some money. The brief chronicle that he finds of his family helps him reconstruct some parts of the history. He remembers for example, the little hut in which all the black people were herded together, and the way in which the whites manufactures bleaching substances for the blacks to use so as to change their color: â€Å"[†¦]the square, galleried, wooden building squatting like a portent above the fields whose laborers it still held in thrall 65 or no and placarded over with advertisements for snuff and cures for chills and salves and potions manufactured and sold by white men to bleach the pigment and straighten the hair of Negroes that they might resemble the very race which for two hundred years had held them in bondage and from which for another hundred years not even a bloody civil war would have set them completely free[†¦. ]†(Faulkner, 245) This forced change of hair color is very significant: the author emphasizes the fact that the whites wanted to transform the black and make them as themselves, a race however quite imperfect since it is the one that invented slavery. Neither the land nor the people can be bought, since they have been left to live free by the creator of the world. Man’s possession of land or of slaves only imaginary, since these primary things cannot be bought: â€Å"Bought nothing. Because He told in the Book how He created the earth, made it and looked at it and said it was all right, and then He made man. He made the earth first and peopled it with dumb creatures, and then He created man to be His overseer on earth[†¦]Because it was never Ikkemotubbes fathers fathers to bequeath Ikkemotubbe to sell to Grandfather or any man because on the instant when Ikkemotubbe discovered, realised, that he could sell it for money, on that instant it ceased ever to have been his forever, father to father to father, and the man who bought it bought nothing. † (247) In the family’s brief chronicle, Ike discovers many of the iniquities that were common at the time, in what regarded the black people. His grandfather had had sons and daughters of the black slaves, and never acknowledged them. Also, the contracts done between the blacks and the whites were invalid, since the black man had no way to claim his rights or to prove them, since he was usually even unable to read: â€Å"and it would seem to the boy that he could actually see the black man, the slave whom his white owner had forever manumitted by the very act from which the black man could never be free so long as memory lasted, entering the commissary, asking permission perhaps of the white mans son to see the ledger-page which he could not even read, not even asking for the white mans word, which he would have had to accept for the reason that there was absolutely no way under the sun for him to test it[†¦]†(256) Ike ironically observes the extent of the injustice done to the children that were not acknowledged because they were black, and the way in which they were usually simply given a sum of money to make amends: â€Å"So I reckon that was cheaper than saying My son to a nigger he thought. Even if My son wasnt but just two words. † (259) Thus, Faulkner’s novel is centered around the idea of the essential freedom given by nature to any creature. The bear is a symbol for this freedom, and his spirit is akin to that of the blacks and Indians: â€Å"[†¦]an old bear, fierce and ruthless not just to stay alive but ruthless with the fierce pride of liberty and freedom, jealous and proud enough of liberty and freedom to see it threatened not with fear nor even alarm but almost with joy, seeming deliberately to put it into jeopardy in order to savor it and keep his old strong bones and flesh supple and quick to defend and preserve it; an old man, son of a Negro slave and an Indian king, inheritor on the one hand of the long chronicle of a people who had learned humility through suffering and learned pride through the endurance which survived the suffering, and on the other side the chronicle of a people even longer in the land than the first. † (Faulkner, 267) The same ideas appear in the short story called That Evening Sun, but the author here emphasizes the barrier that existed between the blacks and the whites. The story, which has the same characters of the Compson family as The Sound and the Fury, is centered on a black servant called Nancy and on her agony at having been left by her husband and the terror that he might return and kill her. Nancy is terribly beaten by the police when she tries to claim her pay from a white man, and then locked up: â€Å"When you going to pay me, white man? When you going to pay me, white man? Its been three times now since you paid me a cent-‘ Mr. Stovall knocked her down, but she kept on saying, When you going to pay me, white man? Its been three times now since—‘ until Mr. Stovall kicked her in the mouth with his heel and the marshal caught Mr. Stovall back, and Nancy lying in the street, laughing. She turned her head and spat out some blood and teeth and said, ‘Its been three times now since he paid me a cent. ’†(Faulkner, 289) The story focuses on the impressive agony of the woman and her loneliness, as the whites refuse to comfort her in any way. The prejudices against the blacks are again obvious: as in The Bear, the villagers remark that a black person would never commit suicide, unless under the power of a drug: â€Å"He said that it was cocaine and not whiskey, because no nigger would try to commit suicide unless he was full of cocaine, because a nigger full of cocaine was not a nigger any longer. †(Faulkner, 291) The idea of the white people is that the black have no feelings and no inner life of their own, and that they live mostly like beasts, therefore could never have the impulse to suicide. The woman tries to cling to the children’s company in her distress and her fear of the husband that she thinks will come after her. The recurrent remark that she makes, saying that she is no more than a nigger is very significant. She underlies the fact that she is actually perceived as only a nigger, and that even she feels like that: â€Å"I aint nothing but a nigger, Nancy said. ‘It aint none of my fault. ’† (Faulkner, 296) She cannot escape her race, and, although she feels she has an inner life she does not have an identity to associate it with. The last fragment of the story is of utter importance: Quentin, the storyteller remains listening to the sounds made by Nancy after they live her house, and hints at the barrier between the white and the black. The whites merely live her and her problems, as she is not considered to be important enough for further consideration: â€Å"But we could still hear her. She began as soon as we were out of the house, sitting there above the fire, her long brown hands between her knees. We could still hear her when we had crossed the ditch, Jason high and close and little about fathers head. Then we had crossed the ditch, walking out of Nancys life. Then her life was sitting there with the door open and the lamp lit, waiting, and the ditch between us and us going on, dividing the impinged lives of us and Nancy. â€Å"(Faulkner, 300) Thus, Faulkner describes the lives of the black and white people in the Southern world with great insight, emphasizing the essential freedom of man as of nature, and the impossibility to possess or reduce them and limit their importance. Works Cited: Abadie, Ann J. Faulkner in Cultural Context. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1997. Clark, Jim. â€Å"On Faulkner. † The Mississippi Quarterly. http://www. questia. com/app/direct/SM. qst Faulkner, William. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York: Random House, 1950. Three Famous Short Novels. New York, Vintage Books, 1958. Singal, Daniel J. William Faulkner: The Making of the Modernist. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. â€Å"William Faulkner†. http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/faulkner. htm

The Philosophy Of Truth Making You Free :: essays research papers

The Philosophy of Truth Making You Free There exists a philosophy that, the truth will make you free. For example, exposing a conspiracy that does yourself and others harm can only set you free from further harm and related mischief. Whether or not the conspirators are the criminals of society or the highest branches of our own government. Injustice spreads like a virus and it needs to be stopped while there is still a way. The effects of such an act can only free us and make us more aware of such corruptness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moreover, a conspiracy spawned by criminals in society, to cause harm, will no doubt enslave the public both mentally and physically. The society will see the injustice happening but will not know from where it is being caused. This effect will be expressed in the sort of decisions they make and company they keep. A more defensive society cannot feel free until the conspiracy is brought to light, that is until the truth is told and the harm is stopped, society cannot be free.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, a harmful conspiracy in the highest levels of our governments prevents freedom on a greater scale. If the truth cannot be found in the government that we elect, then what hope have we for progress. Mistrust and suspicion will be the tools of this brand of enslavement. If the truth is revealed then the uncovered conspiracy will free the public from the secrets and lies and in essence keep the government honest. First, the truth will make you free, is an irresponsible statement. To reveal the truth is not necessarily the best solution to a conspiracy. When you make the public aware of all that goes on whether it be what the criminals are up to or the high officials of governments, then a little knowledge causes a lot of unnecessary panic. A public with a truthful knowledge of what criminals have been doing will become paranoid beyond belief. They become defensive and suspicious of every person. That is how the truth can make you a prisoner of your own devising.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, when this harmful conspiracy in the higher levels of society becomes known, then a little truth can cause a lot of harm. The issues that the government deals with are of such great consequence that, they will have to make unpopular decisions and even make unscrupulous deals and from the products of this practice, the public in turn will cause an unparalleled uproar that would tear the fabric that holds a society together, if they knew the truth. Therefore the truth cannot make you free, because the truth can do more harm than good.

Use of Wireless local area network

AbstractionIn many sectors wireless local country web ( wireless local area network ) has been widely used.mobility, scalability, easiness of installing, reduced cost-of-ownership, installing flexibleness are the grounds were wireless local area network gained popularity.WLAN have some security menaces apart from the benefits mentioned above.the scenario begins by presenting the construct of WLAN, and how wired tantamount privateness ( WEP ) works, which is the IEEE 802.11b/WIFI standard encoding for radio networking.Examining WEP failing, it is being much less secured than what was orginally intended.further research sing practical solutions in implementing a more secured radio lan.new criterions excessively better the security of wireless local area network such as IEEE 802.1X criterion, comprises of point to indicate protocol ( palatopharyngoplasty ) , Extensile Authentication protocol ( EAP ) and 802.1x itself.802.1x is included in 802.11i, a new criterion for cardinal distributi on and encoding that will play of import function in bettering security capablenesss of future and current radio local area network networks.802.11i criterion provides WEP To be replaced by two encoding algorithms, which are ( TKIP ) Temporal cardinal unity protocol, ( CCMP ) cbc-mac protocol.1.Introduction to WLANTo utilize either infrared or radio frequence engineering to convey and have information over the air, flexible informations communicating system called wireless local country web ( wireless local area network ) is used.802.11 was implemented as the first WLAN criterion in 1997.it has a maximal througput of 1 to 2 mbps and operated in 2.4 gigahertz frequency.IEEE 802.11B is the most dispersed and deployed criterion, was introduced in 1999.the maximal velocity is 11mbps and frequence scope is the same.sectors from instruction, corporate, warehousing, retail, health care, finance WLANS has been used widely.the demand for installing flexibleness, scalability, cost-of-ownershi p, mobility wireless local area network has been an of import engineering to fulfill.2.0 Security Threats of WLANDespite the productiveness, convenience and cost advantage that WLAN offers, the wireless moving ridges used in wireless webs create a hazard where the web can be hacked. This subdivision explains three illustrations of of import menaces: Denial of Service, Spoofing, and Eavesdropping.2.1 Denial of ServiceIn this sort of onslaught, the interloper floods the web with either valid or invalid messages impacting the handiness of the web resources. Due to the nature of the wireless transmittal, the WLAN are really vulnerable against denial of service onslaughts. The comparatively low spot rates of WLAN can easy be overwhelmed and leave them unfastened to denial of service onslaughts [ 9 ] . By utilizing a powerful plenty transceiver, wireless intervention can easy be generated that would unable WLAN to pass on utilizing radio way.2.2 Spoofing and Session HijackingThis is where the aggressor could derive entree to favor informations and resources in the web by presuming the individuality of a valid user. This happens because 802.11 webs do non authenticate the beginning reference, which is Medium Access Control ( MAC ) reference of the frames. Attackers may therefore spoof MAC references and highjack Sessionss. Furthermore, 802.11 does non necessitate an Access Point to turn out it is really an AP. This facilitates aggressors who may masquerade as AP? s [ 9 ] . In extinguishing spoofing, proper hallmark and entree control mechanisms need to be placed in the WLAN.EavesdroppingThis involves attack against the confidentiality of the information that is being transmitted across the web. By their nature, radio LANs deliberately radiates web traffic into infinite. This makes it impossible to command who can have the signals in any radio LAN installing. In the radio web, eavesdropping by the 3rd parties is the most important menace because the aggressor can stop the transmittal over the air from a distance, off from the premiss of the company.3.0 Wired Equivalent PrivacyWired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) is a standard encoding for radio networking. It is a user hallmark and informations encoding system from IEEE 802.11 used to get the better of the security menaces. Basically, WEP provides security to WLAN by coding the information transmitted over the air, so that merely the receiving systems who have the right encoding key can decode the information. The undermentioned subdivision explains the proficient functionality of WEP as the chief security protocol for WLAN.3.1 How WEP Works?When deploying WLAN, it is of import to understand the ability of WEP to better security. This subdivision describes how WEP maps accomplish the degree of privateness as in a wired LAN [ 16 ] . WEP uses a pre-established shared secret key called the base key, the RC4 encoding algorithm and the CRC-32 ( Cyclic Redundancy Code ) checksum algorithm as its basic edifice blocks. WEP supports up to four different base keys, identified by KeyIDs 0 thorough 3. Each of these basal keys is a group key called a default key, intending that the base keys are shared among all the members of a peculiar radio web. Some executions besides support a set of unidentified per-link keys called key-mapping keys. However, this is less common in first coevals merchandises, because it implies the being of a key.3.2 Failings of WEPWEP has undergone much examination and unfavorable judgment that it may be compromised. What makes WEP vulnerable? The major WEP defects can be summarized into three classs [ 17 ] :3.2.1 No counterfeit protectionThere is no counterfeit protection provided by WEP. Even without cognizing the encoding key, an antagonist can alter 802.11 packages in arbitrary, undetectable ways , deliver informations to unauthorised parties, and masquerade as an authorised user. Even worse, an antagonist can besides larn more about the encoding key with counterfeit onslaughts than with strictly inactive onslaughts.3.2.2 No protection against rematchsWEP does non offer any protection once more rematchs. An adversary can make counterfeits without altering any informations in an bing package, merely by entering WEP packages and so retransmitting later. Replay, a particular type of counterfeit onslaught, can be used to deduce information about the encoding key and the informations it protects.3.2.3 Recycling low-level formatting vectorsBy recycling low-level formatting vectors, WEP enables an aggressor to decode the encrypted information without the demand to larn the encoding key or even fall backing to hi-tech techniques. While frequently dismissed as excessively slow, a patient aggressor can compromise the encoding of an full web after merely a few hours of informations agg regation.4.0 Practical Solutions for Procuring WLANDespite the hazards and exposures associated with radio networking, there are surely fortunes that demand their use. Even with the WEP defects, it is still possible for users to procure their WLAN to an acceptable degree. This could be done by implementing the undermentioned actions to minimise onslaughts into the chief webs [ 5 ] :4.1 Changing Default SSIDService Set Identifier ( SSID ) is a alone identifier attached to the heading of packages sent over a WLAN that acts as a watchword when a nomadic device attempts to link to a peculiar WLAN. The SSID differentiates one Wireless local area network from another, so all entree points and all devices trying to link to a specific WLAN must utilize the same SSID. In fact, it is the lone security mechanism that the entree point requires to enable association in the absence of triping optional security characteristics. Not altering the default SSID is one of the most common security error s made by WLAN decision makers. This is tantamount to go forthing a default watchword in topographic point.EAPThe Extensile Authentication Protocol ( EAP ) is a general hallmark protocol defined in IETF ( Internet Engineering Task Force ) criterions. It was originally developed for usage with PPP. It is an hallmark protocol that provides a generalised model for several hallmark mechanisms [ 15 ] . These include Kerberos, public key, smart cards and erstwhile watchwords. With a standardised EAP, interoperability and compatibility across hallmark methods become simpler. For illustration, when user dials a distant entree waiter ( RAS ) and utilize EAP as portion of the PPP connexion, the RAS does non necessitate to cognize any of the inside informations about the hallmark system. Merely the user and the hallmark server have to be coordinated. By back uping EAP hallmark, RAS waiter does non actively take part in the hallmark duologue. Alternatively, RAS merely re-packages EAP packages t o manus off to a RADIUS waiter to do the existent hallmark determinationWI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS ( WPA )The WPA can be expressed as: 802.1x Authentication + TKIP + ( optional ) AES. 802.1x Authentication WPA relies on the 802.1x hallmark described in the old subdivision for authenticating wireless clients via a RADIUS waiter and bring forthing the secret keys which are so used to make encoding keys. This implies that 802.1x must utilize an hallmark method ensuing in the secret key coevals ( such as EAP-TLS or EAPTTLS ) . Because shared secret keys, generated as the consequence of 802.1x hallmark are alone for each client, WPA-enabled APs will manage multiple keys. To do WPA useable by little concerns and place offices, which do non hold RADIUS-based hallmark environment, 802.1x hallmark may be replaced with the shared key hallmark which resembles WEP hallmark. This manner of WPA hallmark is known as Pre-Shared Key ( PSK ) manner ( vs. Enterprise Mode used with the 802.1x hallmark ) [ 22 ] .TKIPTKIP ( Temporal Key Integrity Protocol ) is responsible for bring forthing the encoding key, coding the message and verifying its unity. Although the existent encoding is performed utilizing the same RC4 Cipher algorithm as WEP, specific sweetenings are added to make stronger encoding key and guarantee that italterations with everypacketis alone for every clientA cryptanalytic message unity codification, or MIC, called Michael, to get the better of counterfeits.A new IV sequencing subject, to take rematch onslaughts from the aggressor? s armory.A per-packet key blending map, to de-correlate the public IVs from weak keys.A re-keying mechanism, to supply f resh encoding and unity keys, undoing the menace of onslaughts stemming from cardinal reuse.Encrypted Tunnel or VirtualPrivate Network ( VPN )Packages are unbroken private by the usage of encryption.Encryption systems are designed to supply avirtual tunnel that the information base on ballss through as it traverses the protected portion of the network.If the system is decently designed and correctlyimplemented, the contents of the warhead will be indecipherable to those without the proper decoding key. The contents that the receiving system decrypts must non merely be private, but precisely as the senderintended. In other words correct tunnel will notonly maintain the contesnts private, but besides free from alteration. This requires the usage of acryptographic unity checker or checksum.Tunneled Transport Layer Security( TTLS )It is non clear whether or non EAP-TLS can be implemented without a public key substructure for certificate exchange. We believe that it ispossible to put in the certifications on the client andserver without utilizing a PKI but we are non perfectly certain that this is the instance. But there isno uncertainty that TTLS does non necessitate a PKI.TTLS differs from EAP-TLS in that it is a two phase protocol. In the first phase an encrypted tunnel is established between the client and waiter. In making so, the waiter presents itscertificate to the client and therefore the client is confident of the waiter? s individuality. In the 2nd stage the client? s certificates are given to thefor proof. These certificates are in theform of attribute-value braces and non digital certifications. [ Gas02 ] All EAP hallmark protocols run into this standard. Because the certificates are passed in an encrypted tunnel a digital certification is non necessary.Protected ExtensileAuthentication Protocol ( PEAP )PEAP is really similar to TTLS. It is truly merely a different spirit of TTLS. It is besides a two stage protocol. The first stage is used to authentic atethe waiter and set up an encrypted tunnel between the client and the waiter. Then alternatively ofusing the older attribute-value brace to authenticate the client, hallmark is limited to any EAP method. Since EAP includes a broad array of hallmark protocols this is non a terrible limitation, but it does let less flexibleness than TTLS. [ Gas02 ]